California

Strong Protection15 incidents

Legislation

Non-Consensual Intimate Imagery

Enacted
AB 602enacted · everyone

Civil cause of action for deepfake pornography victims. One of the first deepfake-specific laws in the US.

SB 926enacted · everyone

Criminalizes creation AND distribution of nonconsensual deepfake intimate images. Criminal + civil.

SB 981enacted · everyone

Platform requirements: social media must establish reporting mechanism, temporarily block during investigation, permanently remove if substantiated.

AB 1831enacted · minors

Expands CSAM laws to include AI-generated material. Covers creation, distribution, AND possession.

AB 379enacted · everyone

Further deepfake protections.

AB 621enacted · platform requirements

Expanded platform obligations, broader definitions, increased statutory damages.

SB 857enacted · minors

Minors-specific protections.

SB 1142introduced · everyone

Digital Dignity Act — comprehensive deepfake protections including expanded platform liability, enhanced criminal penalties, and victim compensation fund.

Election Deepfakes

Enacted
AB 730enacted · 2019-10

Early adopter

AB 2355enacted · 2024-09

Disclaimer requirements

AB 2839enacted challenged · 2024-09

Portions struck down Aug 2025 due to Section 230/1st Amendment conflicts

AB 2655enacted · 2024-09
View Full Law Tracker →

Documented Incidents

Aliso Niguel High School, Aliso Viejo

School

December 2024

Multiple female students

A student at Aliso Niguel High School in Orange County used AI to create deepfake nude images of female classmates. The incident was reported to school administrators and local police.

Outcome: Under investigation by local police. School imposed disciplinary action.

Los Angeles Times

Santa Clara County schools

School

October 2024

Multiple female students across several schools

Multiple schools in Santa Clara County reported incidents of students using AI tools to generate deepfake nude images of classmates. The Santa Clara County DA's office confirmed investigating cases across several schools.

Outcome: Under investigation by Santa Clara County DA. Schools notified parents.

San Jose Mercury News

San Francisco

Legal

August 15, 2024

General public (implied by 'nonconsensual deepfake pornography')

San Francisco City Attorney David Chiu sued operators of 16 of the world's most-visited AI 'undressing' websites, which collectively had over 200 million visits. As of June 2025, Briver LLC settled, and ten websites are offline or inaccessible in California.

Outcome: Lawsuit filed. One settlement reached. Ten websites offline or inaccessible in California.

SF City Attorney

Lynbrook High School, San Jose

School

May 2024

Multiple female students from cross-school peer groups

A Discord server was discovered containing AI-generated deepfake images targeting students across multiple San Jose-area schools. The images were created using photos scraped from students' social media accounts.

Outcome: School administrators and police investigated. Discord server taken down.

San Jose Mercury News

Fairfax High School, Los Angeles

School

April 9, 2024

Number and demographics not publicly disclosed

LAUSD announced an investigation into allegations of inappropriate photos being created and disseminated within the Fairfax High School community. A preliminary investigation found the images were created and shared on a third-party messaging app.

Outcome: LAUSD stated allegations would result in appropriate disciplinary action if warranted and pledged to enhance training on ethical use of technology and digital citizenship. No public information on specific disciplinary outcomes or charges was released.

FOX 11 Los Angeles

Fairfax High School, Los Angeles

School

April 2024

Potential for numerous students across the district; the alert was a preventative and responsive measure to a widespread threat.

Following a surge in deepfake incidents across California, LAUSD issued a district-wide alert to parents and staff regarding the creation and circulation of AI-generated intimate images of students. The district emphasized the illegality and psychological harm of such acts, providing resources and guidance for reporting.

Outcome: LAUSD implemented awareness campaigns, distributed informational materials, and reinforced policies against digital harassment and image-based abuse. Investigations would be launched if specific incidents were reported at individual schools.

govtech.com

St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Secondary School, London, Ontario

School

April 2024

Female students in various Ontario schools.

Incidents were reported where deepfake technology was used to create and share non-consensual explicit images of students in Ontario schools. These cases involved the manipulation of real photos to generate fake nude content. The content was shared among peers, causing significant harm.

Outcome: School disciplinary actions and police investigations are underway. Legal frameworks are being reviewed to address deepfake abuse more effectively, and support is being provided to affected students.

cbc.ca

Laguna Beach High School, Laguna Beach

School

March 25, 2024

Multiple female students

AI-generated synthetic or 'inappropriate' photos of students were created and circulated among the student body, primarily via text messages. The principal informed parents by letter, and the Laguna Beach Police Department assisted in the investigation.

Outcome: Disciplinary consequences were not publicly disclosed due to student privacy laws. The school hosted panel discussions for all grade levels covering online privacy and digital footprint management.

CBS News Los Angeles

Laguna Beach, CA

School

March 2024

multiple students

Laguna Beach High School launched investigation into AI-generated inappropriate images of students circulating among student body.

Outcome: Investigation launched

edsource.org

Beverly Vista Middle School, Beverly Hills

School

February 21, 2024

16 eighth-grade girls, ages 13–14

Five eighth-grade boys used generative AI to superimpose 16 female classmates' faces onto AI-generated synthetic bodies. The images were shared through messaging apps, prompting a criminal investigation by police and the LA County District Attorney's Office.

Outcome: All five students were expelled by the BHUSD Board of Education. No criminal charges were filed as of the most recent reporting.

NBC News

Beverly Vista Middle School, Beverly Hills

School

February 2024

16 female students

Five 8th graders at Beverly Vista Middle School expelled for creating/sharing deepfake nude images of 16 female classmates using AI tools.

Outcome: 5 students expelled; BHPD/LA DA investigation ongoing

nbcnews.com

Aliso Viejo Middle School, Aliso Viejo

School

2024

At least 1 confirmed female victim, age 13; multiple additional victims

A student used AI software to create a synthetic photo of a 13-year-old female classmate by placing the girl's face on another body. The district's investigation found that the student had created AI-generated images of multiple student victims, and another student further shared the photos.

Outcome: Capistrano Unified stated the students involved faced 'disciplinary consequences,' which may have included suspension. No arrests or criminal charges were publicly reported.

EdSource

Calabasas High School, Calabasas

School

August 2023

1 confirmed female student, age 16

A 16-year-old female student accused a former friend of secretly photographing her and then using AI tools to place her face onto synthetic bodies. Some of the resulting images were allegedly uploaded to an exploitative material website and circulated at the school.

Outcome: The accused student was not expelled or disciplined. The victim's family filed a lawsuit against Las Virgenes Unified School District in 2025 seeking damages and policy changes.

ABC7 Los Angeles

Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles

Legal

September 2022

1 female LAPD Captain (Lillian Carranza)

A digitally doctored nude photograph was created to resemble LAPD Captain Lillian Carranza and was widely circulated among officers, who viewed it and made crude comments. When Carranza reported it, the Chief refused to issue a department-wide clarification, and no disciplinary action was taken. Carranza was hospitalized with severe health issues.

Outcome: A Los Angeles County Superior Court jury awarded Carranza $4 million in damages for hostile work environment sexual harassment, a verdict later affirmed by a California appellate court.

Police1 / LA Times

San Jose, California

Other

February 26, 2022

Ryan Last (and thousands of victims across multiple countries)

Ryan Last, 17, died by suicide after being sextorted by someone posing as a young woman. He paid $150 under threat before taking his life. Four Ivorian men were arrested in connection with the scheme in May 2025.

Outcome: Ryan Last died by suicide. Four Ivorian men arrested in May 2025.

CBS San Francisco
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